|
Organ transplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004.〔 China is also involved in innovative transplant surgery such as face transplantation including bone.〔 Involuntary organ harvesting is illegal under Chinese law; though, under a 1984 regulation, it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives. Growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations, by the 1990s, to start condemning the practice. These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor testified that he had taken part in organ extraction operations.〔("Doctor Says He Took Transplant Organs From Executed Chinese Prisoners" ) New York Times 29 June 2001〕 In 2006, allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry.〔〔Gutmann, Ethan. ("China’s Gruesome Organ Harvest" ), The Weekly Standard, 24 November 2008〕 An initial investigation stated "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".〔 In December 2005, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplants was widespread.〔 In 2007, China issued regulations banning the commercial trading of organs,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New system to boost number of organ donors )〕 and the Chinese Medical Association agreed that the organs of prisoners should not be used for transplantation, except for members of the immediate family of the deceased.〔Press release, ("Chinese Medical Association Reaches Agreement With World Medical Association Against Transplantation Of Prisioners's (sic) Organs" ), ''Medical News Today'', 7 October 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2010〕 In 2008, a liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, along with a nationwide proposal to incorporate information on individual driving permits for those wishing to donate their organs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=shanghai )〕 Despite these initiatives, ''China Daily'' reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners. The condemned prisoners have been described as "not a proper source for organ transplants" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu, and in March 2010 he announced the trial of China's first organ donation program starting after death, jointly run by the Red Cross Society and the Ministry of Health, in 10 pilot regions. In 2013, Huang Jiefu altered his position on utilizing prisoners' organs, stating that death row prisoners should be allowed to donate organs and should be integrated into the new computer-based organ allocation system. ==Background== Globally, pioneering experimental studies in the surgical technique of human organ transplantation were made in the early 1900s by the French surgeon Alexis Carrel, and successful transplants starting spreading worldwide after the Second World War.〔(HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION – A Report on Developments Under the Auspices of WHO (1987–1991) ), page 7, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1991〕 China herself began organ transplantation in the 1960s, which grew to an annual peak of over 13,000 transplants in 2004;〔("Health-System-Reform-in-China" ) ''The Lancet'', 20 October 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2010〕 and, despite some deaths from infection and hepatitis, the transplant programme has been successful in saving many lives.〔 Though the number of transplants fell to under 11,000 annually by 2005, China still has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world.〔〔 China explores innovative surgery, such as the world's first flesh and bone face transplant, performed by Professor Guo Shuzhong. Organ donation, however, has met resistance, and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law,〔("China fury at organ snatching 'lies'" ), BBC News, 28 June 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2010〕 as it is against Chinese tradition and culture, which attach symbolic life affirming importance to the kidney and heart.〔David N. Weisstub, Guillermo Díaz Pintos, 〕 China is not alone in encountering donation difficulties; demand outstrips supply in most countries. The world-wide shortage has encouraged some countries—such as India—to trade in human organs.〔〔Reddy KC: In Land W, Dossetor JB (eds): Organ Replacement Therapy: Ethics, Justice, Commerce. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990, p 173, ISBN 3-540-53687-6〕 Reports of organs being removed from executed prisoners in China for sale internationally had been circulating since the mid-1980s, when a 1984 regulation made it legal to harvest organs from convicted criminals with the consent of the family or if the body goes unclaimed.〔Jane Macartney, ("China to 'tidy up' trade in executed prisoners' organs" ), ''The Times'', 3 December 2005〕 Development of an immunosuppressant drug, cyclosporine A, made transplants a more viable option for patients. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Organ transplantation in China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|